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Torbay Lifeboat Station

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Coordinates: 50°23′57″N 3°30′20″W / 50.399156°N 3.505492°W / 50.399156; -3.505492
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Torbay Lifeboat Station
Torbay Lifeboat Station is located in Devon
Torbay Lifeboat Station
Brixham (within Devon)
General information
TypeLifeboat Station
LocationBerry Head Road, TQ5 9AF
CountryEngland
Coordinates50°23′57″N 3°30′20″W / 50.399156°N 3.505492°W / 50.399156; -3.505492
Opened1866
OwnerRNLI

Torbay Lifeboat Station is the base for Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) search and rescue operations at Brixham, Devon in England. Brixham Lifeboat Station was opened in 1866 but since 1924 has been known as 'Torbay'. Since 2005 it has operated a Severn-class all-weather lifeboat (ALB) together with a D-class (IB1) inshore lifeboat (ILB).

History

[edit]

During the evening of 10 January 1866 a severe storm blew up and at least 74 vessels sought refuge again in Torbay and in the harbours at Brixham and Torquay. During the night the wind changed direction and increased in strength. The Teignmouth Lifeboat China was brought by road to Torquay and rescued eleven men from two ships but at least 30 ships were wrecked and 70 people died in that storm. Afterwards the RNLI was asked to provide a lifeboat at Brixham. It proved difficult to find a site for a boathouse so the City of Exeter was at first kept at Bolton Cross and taken to the harbour on a carriage. At first it was kept under a tarpaulin but a boathouse was built for it later. In 1873 a new boathouse and slipway was built near the breakwater so that the boat could be launched straight into the harbour. The old boathouse was used as a fire station for many years but was demolished and the site used for a new post office.[1]

In 1875 another lifeboat station was opened on Torbay, this time at Torquay. In 1917 the RNLI decided to rename 'Brixham Lifeboat Station' as 'Brixham and Paignton Lifeboat Station'. Five years later its 'pulling and sailing' lifeboat was replaced by a new motor lifeboat. This could cover a larger area and operate in more severe weather, so Torquay Lifeboat Station was closed the following year. In 1924 the station at Brixham was renamed as Torbay Lifeboat Station.[2] A larger Barnett-class motor lifeboat was sent to Torbay in September 1930. This was too large to be kept in the boathouse so it was moored in the harbour near the slipway. The boathouse was retained as a workshop but during World War II part of it was dismantled to make it easier for the Royal Navy to reach a new large slipway which was built over the old lifeboat slipway. The RNLI built a small pier in 1950 for the boarding boat that was used to ferry crews out to the lifeboat.[3]

An inshore lifeboat was sent to Torbay for the summer of 1964. It proved a useful addition to the station and so became a permanent feature. Until 1969 the ILB was an inflatable Inshore Rescue Boat (later known as the D-class (EA16)), but after that rigid A Class ILBs were kept moored in the harbour. Since January 1987 a modern D Class has been Torbay's ILB. A portable building was provided as a temporary boathouse for the ILB but in 1990 work was undertaken on the boathouse to house the ILB and improve the crew facilities.[4] Further improvements were made in 2007 and at the same time a new pontoon was provided for the all-weather lifeboat.[5]

The lifeboat station was granted the Honorary Freedom of the Borough of Torbay on 29 April 1988.[6]

William Mogridge

[edit]

William Harry Hayward Mogridge was appointed as Coxswain of the Torbay Lifeboat in October 1932. On the evening of 30 December 1935 he took the Lifeboat Gorge Shee through a gale to help the Satanicle, a French trawler that was 15 miles (24 km) east of Start Point. After two and a half hours the lifeboat reached the sinking boat, guided by the searchlight of an American steamer. Three of the crew had been taken off by another boat but it took careful manoeuvring of the lifeboat to rescue the one person left aboard. The fishing boat was often hidden from the lifeboat crew by the size of the waves and they collided a couple of times. Battling back into the wind the return journey to Brixham took five hours. For his courage and superb seamanship Mogridge was awarded an RNLI bronze medal.

On 23 January 1937 the SS English Trader ran aground on the Checkstone Ledge near the mouth of the River Dart. The lifeboat sailed from Brixham at 5:25 that morning and stood by while tugs tried to pull the casualty off the shore. The lifeboat was refuelled at Kingswear, but at 6 o'clock on the morning of 24 January the captain of the stricken vessel asked the lifeboat to take the crew off. During this time a strong gale had blown up and 15 feet (4.6 m) waves were now breaking right over the beached ship. Mogridge brought the lifeboat under the stern and alongside to take off the ship's 32 crew and also 20 people from the tugs who had gone aboard to help. He then reversed the lifeboat out to safety. After landing the rescued men at Dartmouth the lifeboat returned to Brixham, gaining its home mooring at 12:15, nearly 31 hours after casting off. The RNLI awarded Mogridge a second bronze medal for his outstanding courage and superb seamanship.

The George Shee put to sea in the afternoon of 9 December 1939 to the aid of the disabled Channel Pride, a fishing boat that was racing for home as a gale blew up. They had dropped anchor just 200 yards (180 m) from the cliffs near the River Dart. The lifeboat found the small boat with the help of a fire lit on the cliff top. It came right alongside and the two fishermen jumped on board, by which time the storm had blown the boats within 20 feet (6.1 m) of the shore. Mogridge was subsequently awarded an RNLI silver medal for his tremendous courage and outstanding seamanship on this occasion.

16 December 1939 saw another gale blowing in Torbay and the schooner Henrietta ran aground off Dartmouth. When Mogridge and his crew arrived they found the sailing ship rolling heavily. He managed to come alongside and it took just three minutes for the seven crew members to be brought on board the George Shee. The boat rolled over onto the lifeboat and caused a 12 feet (3.7 m) gash along her side. Mogridge was awarded a second silver medal, and bronze medals were given to William Pillar, his deputy, Richard Harris, the mechanic, and Frederick Sanders, the lifeboat's bowman.

William Mogridge retired from his position of coxswain in January 1942 and was succeeded by Frederick Sanders.[3][4]

Other service awards

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In total, Torbay Lifeboat Station crew have been awarded 26 RNLI medals for gallantry, one gold, six silver and 19 Bronze, the last in 2008.[6] These are some of the most notable examples.

On New Year's Day 1915 the Torbay Lifeboat's second coxswain, William Pillar, was out fishing in his Brixham Fishing Smack Provident BM291 when he and his crew (First Hand William Carter, Second Hand John Clarke, Apprentice Daniel Taylor, né Ferguson) went to the aid of HMS Formidable which had been torpedoed and sunk by German U-boat U-24, saving the lives of 71 men after a difficult rescue in darkness and high seas. For this outstanding gallantry they were each awarded the Sea Gallantry Medal[7] by His Majesty King George V.[5][8]

In the early hours of 17 December 1944 the George Shee put to sea after two vessels were reported aground between Paignton and Torquay. The tug Empire Alfred was 50 yards (46 m) from the shore but the waves were breaking 400 yards (370 m) from the beach so the lifeboat could only approach with extreme caution. It took half an hour to get the 14 crew off the tug, during which time the lifeboat often touched the bottom. They then turned to the second boat, Yard Craft 345 but ran aground before reaching it. The lifeboat forced itself free in reverse. After landing the people rescued from the tug at Brixham, they returned for another attempt. Many lifeboats struggled to find full crews during World War II and on this occasion the Torbay crew was two short, so the Assistant Mechanic had to join the crew on deck while the Motor Mechanic Richard Harris operated both engines on his own, sometimes waist deep in water. The five people on the craft were taken on board the lifeboat and back to Brixham. Harris was awarded an RNLI bronze medal, and coxswain Frederick Sanders received his second silver medal.[9]

Harry Thomas became coxswain on 1 February 1951[10] and within a year had been awarded a bronze medal. It was on the evening of 30 January 1952 that he took the lifeboat out into a severe gale to search for the source of a white flashing light in Torbay. After searching for an hour and a half the army tug Trieste which had lost power with eleven men on board. After some difficulty in getting alongside the drifting tug they were all rescued although several of them were suffering from extreme seasickness.[11] Thomas received a silver medal for a rescue on 7 December 1959 when a 120-foot (37 m) long unpowered barge loaded with large steel pipes was cast adrift from its tug. The one man and a dog were rescued, but a second man was swept off a rope and drowned. Also recognised for his work that night was Richard Harris who was awarded another bronze medal[12]

The MV Northwind was dragging her anchor in Torbay in a severe gale and heavy seas on the morning of 22 December 1964. By the time the Princess Alexandra of Kent had reached her she was aground between Paignton and Torquay. Although all the crew were taken off to the shore by Her Majesty's Coastguard, at one point it looked as though this would not be possible, and the lifeboat crew worked hard in difficult conditions to get alongside the stricken vessel. This work saw Richard Harris receive his fourth bronze medal, and coxswain Harold a silver medal.[13]

The 18 feet (5.5 m) wooden ILB put to sea on 5 October 1973 in response to a report of a woman in the water during a storm. Motor Mechanic Barry Pike spotted her and dived into the water while Coxswain Kenneth Gibbs used his skill to prevent the lifeboat crushing the two people in the water. Pike was washed ashore but returned and eventually brought the woman ashore, although she was found to be dead. He was awarded a silver medal for his courage and determination and also the Ralph Glister Award for the most meritorious service of the year by a member of the crew of an inshore lifeboat. Gibbs received his own bronze medal for his tremendous courage and excellent seamanship during a rescue that he led in the all-weather lifeboat on 16 December that year. On that occasion a sole crewman of the fishing boat Petit Michel was saved 38 miles (61 km) out at sea in a Force 9 storm.[14]

1976 was another year of outstanding rescues by the lifeboat crews at Torbay. On 23 August the lifeboat went to rescue 14 people and a dog who had been cast ashore when their speedboat was wrecked south of Dartmouth. Lifeboatman John Dew was awarded a bronze medal for swimming ashore with a line so that lifejackets could be transferred ashore and the survivors brought off the beach. During the course of an hour he had to swim out to the lifeboat seven times. Then on 6 December the lifeboat was called to the aid of the MV Lyrma after its steering gear had failed in a Force 10 storm. On this occasion it was under the command of Second Coxswain Keith Bower. The casualty was trying to face into the wind by using its engines alone. The storm was causing it to rise 30 feet (9.1 m) on the waves; an attempt to get the crew off with a helicopter was unsuccessful. The lifeboat had to avoid being crushed under the ship – at one point the larger ship smashed the guard rails that prevent the lifeboat crew being washed overboard when on deck. Despite this they eventually managed to get eight of the casualty's crew on board and picked up the two people who had managed to get into a life raft. For this outstanding seamanship and tremendous courage a gold medal was awarded to Keith Bower, and bronze medals were given to Mechanic Steven Bower (his brother), Assistant Mechanic William Hunkin, and crew members Michael Mills, Nicholas Davies, Richard Brown and John Dew (his second medal in a year).[15][16]

Two years later saw two more medal rescues at Torbay. Firstly, on 19 February 1978 when the pilot boat Leslie H found itself unable to steer in a Force 9 storm. Two men were taken off and the pilot boat towed back towards Brixham, but a 35 feet (11 m) wave knocked the Edward Bridges right over so that her propellers and keel were out of the water. Her self-righting design proved itself and she was soon back upright, but lifeboatman John Ashford was missing. The lifeboat's coxswain, John Dyer, flicked the tow line across to the man overboard and he caught it and was pulled back on board. The captain was later taken off the pilot boat and the tow abandoned. For his courage, seamanship and leadership, Dyer was awarded a bronze medal. On 2 December Arthur Curnow, who had only been appointed coxswain three weeks earlier, took the lifeboat out in the early morning to the trawler Fairway which had broken down. Six people were rescued in a tricky operation in heavy seas. The new coxswain was awarded a bronze medal for this work.[17]

On 13 January 2008 20 people were saved from the MV Ice Prince – 8 by the lifeboat and 12 by a Coastguard helicopter. They were operating in Force 9 winds and the stricken vessel was leaning at 45˚; the lifeboat had to approach it about 50 times to save those lives. Coxswain Mark Criddle received a silver medal in recognition of his courage, skill and determination.[6]

Station honours

[edit]

The following are awards made at Torbay[18][19]

William Pillar, Second Coxswain - 1915
Keith William Bower, Acting Coxswain - 1977
William Harry Hayward Mogridge, Coxswain - 1939
William Harry Hayward Mogridge, Coxswain - 1940 (Second-Service Clasp)
Frederick Collier Sanders, Coxswain - 1945
Henry Owen Thomas, Coxswain - 1960
Harold Coyde, Coxswain - 1965
Barry Pike, Motor Mechanic - 1974
Mark Criddle, Coxswain - 2008
  • Silver Medal, awarded by The French Government
Coxswain - 1936
Second Coxswain - 1936
  • Silver Medal of Humane Assistance, awarded by The Queen of the Netherlands
Henry Owen Thomas, Coxswain - 1959
William Harry Hayward Mogridge, Coxswain - 1936
William Harry Hayward Mogridge, Coxswain - 1937 (Second-Service Clasp)
William Pillar, Second Coxswain - 1940
Richard Trewaves Harris, Mechanic - 1940
Frederick Collier Sanders, Bowman - 1940
Richard Trewaves Harris, Mechanic - 1945 (Second-Service Clasp)
Henry Owen Thomas, Coxswain - 1952
Richard Trewaves Harris, Motor Mechanic - 1960 (Third-Service Clasp)
Richard Trewaves Harris, Motor Mechanic - 1965 (Fourth-Service Clasp)
Kenneth Gibbs, Coxswain - 1974
John Dew, crew member - 1976
John Dew, crew member - 1977 (Second-Service Clasp)
Stephen James Bower, Mechanic - 1977
William John Hunkin, Assistant Mechanic - 1977
Michael Mills, crew member - 1977
Nicholas Davies, crew member - 1977
Richard Brown, crew member - 1977
George Edward Dyer, Coxswain - 1978
Arthur Curnow, Coxswain - 1979
  • Medal Service Certificate
Each of the Torbay lifeboat crew - 1978
  • Bronze Medals, awarded by The French Government
The Torbay lifeboat Crew - 1936
  • Bronze Medal of the Humane Assistance, awarded by The Queen of the Netherlands
Each of the crew members - 1959
  • The Ralph Glister Award 1974
    (for the most meritorious service of the year performed by a rescue boat crew)
Barry Pike, Motor Mechanic - 1974
  • The Thanks of the Institution inscribed on Vellum
A Bartlett, Second Coxswain - 1960
J Fry, Bowman - 1960
J W Harris, Assistant mechanic - 1960
D W O Thomas, crew member - 1960
K H Thomas, crew member - 1960
P V Easton, crew member - 1960
Torbay Lifeboat Crew - 1965
Kenneth Gibbs (Coxswain), Helmsman - 1974
Arthur Curnow, Coxswain - 1990
Nigel Crang, Helmsman - 1999
Simon James, crew member - 1999
Roger Good, Second Coxswain - 2008
John Ashford, Deputy Second Coxswain - 2008
Mathew Tyler, Mechanic - 2008
Nigel Coulton, Second Mechanic - 2008
Darryll Farley, crew member - 2008
Dr Alexander Rowe, crew member - 2008
Captain Kevin Balls and the crew of coastguard rescue helicopter India Juliet - 2008
Nigel Crang, Helmsman - 2011
  • A Framed Letter of Thanks signed by the Chairman of the Institution
Arthur Curnow, Coxswain - 1979
Brian Caunter, Acting Assistant Mechanic - 1979
Michael Kingston, crew member - 1979
Nigel Crang, crew member - 1995
David Hurford, Coxswain - 1998
Nick O’Brien, crew member - 1999
John Heale, crew member - 2011
Will Bower, crew member - 2011
Mark Criddle, Coxswain - 2013
Ryan Bradfield, crew member - 2013
  • A Collective Letter of Thanks signed by the Chairman of the Institution
David Hurford, Coxswain - 1992
Richard Morphett, Second Coxswain - 1992
Stephen Bower, Emergency Mechanic - 1992
Dr Raymond Foster, crew member - 1992
Cyril Yeoman, crew member - 1992
Nigel Crang, crew member - 1992
Ernest Fradd, crew member - 1992
  • The Emile Robin Award from The Marine Society
    for the most outstanding sea rescue
Mark Criddle, Coxswain - 2008
  • The James Michael Bower Endowment Fund award
Mark Criddle, Coxswain - 2008
  • The GMTV/Daily Mirror Pride of Britain award (Emergency Services)
Coxswain Mark Criddle and his crew - 2008
Mark John Criddle, Coxswain - 2018[20]
Ald. Frederick William Henry Park, Honorary Secretary - 1968QBH[21]
David Ernest Ham - 2016QBH[22]
Lynn Patricia Spillett - 2022QBH[23]
Arthur Laurence Vivian Curnow, lately Coxswain - 1992NYH[24]
Ian John Barnaby - 2024NYH[25]
  • The Honorary Freedom of the Borough of Torbay
Torbay Lifeboat Station - 1988
  • Letter of Thanks from Italian Government - 1926
  • Letter of Thanks from Netherlands Government - 1936
  • Letter of Thanks from Belgian Marine Department - 1944

Area of operation

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The RNLI aims to reach any casualty up to 50 miles (80 km) from its stations, and within two hours in good weather. To do this the Severn class lifeboat at Torbay has an operating range of 250 nautical miles (460 km) and a top speed of 25 knots (46 km/h).[26] Adjacent all-weather lifeboats are at Exmouth Lifeboat Station to the north, and Salcombe Lifeboat Station to the south. ILBs are also stationed at Teignmouth to the north and Dart to the south.[27]

Torbay lifeboats

[edit]
  • Alec and Christina Dykes (From 2001)
    Alec and Christina Dykes (From 2001)
  • Leslie & Mary Daws (From 2015)
    Leslie & Mary Daws (From 2015)

Pulling and sailing lifeboats

[edit]
At Torbay ON Name Class Comments
1866–1885 — City of Exeter Self-righter [1][28]
1885–1893 43 Brian Bates Peake [29][30]
1894–1896 361 Betsey Newbon Self-righter [31][32]
1896–1922 395 Betsey Newbon Peake Sold in 1922 and then used as yacht Zingari until wrecked in 2003.[31][33]

Motor lifeboats

[edit]
At Torbay ON Op. No. Name Class Comments
1922–1930 672 — Alfred and Clara Heath Peake Moved to Salcombe Lifeboat Station and retired from Saint Peter Port in 1945. It was sold and later sailed as the Mary & Katherine then as Moby Dick in Gibraltar until 2009.[34][35]
1930–1958 734 — George Shee Barnett Exported in 1959 for further use as a lifeboat in Guatemala.[3][36]
1958–1975 945 – Princess Alexandra of Kent Barnett Later saw service at Tynemouth. Sold in 1984 and converted to a cabin cruiser Princess but sunk near Crail in 2012.[37][38]
1975–1994 1037 54-03 Edward Bridges
(Civil Service No.37) 		Arun Preserved atthe Chatham Historic Dockyard since 1996.[39][40]
1994–1995 1086 52-25 AJR & LG Uridge Arun Later stationed at Holyhead and briefly at Penlee. Sold in 2003 for further use as lifeboat Hebe at Kemi, Finland, until 2019 and then sold for use as a workboat at Tallinn, Estonia.[41][42]
1995–2001 1076 52-12 Marie Winstone Arun Initially stationed at Fishguard. Sold in 2002 for further use as lifeboat Torbay in Kaskinen, Finland.[43][42]
2001– 1255 17-28 Alec and Christina Dykes Severn [44]

Inshore lifeboats

[edit]
At Torbay Op. No. Name Class Model Comments
1964 D-23 — D RFD PB16 [45][46]
1965 D-21 — D RFD PB16 First stationed at Hastings in 1964.[14][46]
1966 D-25 — D RFD PB16 First stationed at Southwold in 1964.[14][46]
1966–1967 D-49 — D RFD PB16 First stationed at Tynemouth in 1965.[14][46]
1967–1969 D-55 — D RFD PB16 First stationed at Newquay in 1965.[14][46]
1970 D-102 — D RFD PB16 First stationed at Moelfre in 1966.[14][46]
1970–1975 A-2 — A Hatch Originally carried Op. No. 18-03 and stationed at Poole from 1967.[14][47]
1975–1987 A-512 — A McLachlan Later stationed at Falmouth.[48][47]
1987–1988 D-286 — D RFD PB16 Initially deployed as a relief lifeboat from 1982.[49][50]
1988–1996 D-354 Alfred George Martin D EA16 [49][50]
1996–2005 D-504 Spirit of the RPC D EA16 [51][52]
2005–2015 D-651 John William Hirst D IB1 [53]
2015– D-788 Leslie & Mary Daws D IB1 [54]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Morris, Jeff (2001). The Story of the Torbay Lifeboats (2nd ed.). Coventry: Lifeboat Enthusiasts Society. pp. 1–3.
  2. ^ Leonard, Richie; Denton, Tony (2024). Lifeboat Enthusiasts Handbook 2024. Lifeboat Enthusiasts Society. p. 105.
  3. ^ a b c Morris 2001, pp. 8–14.
  4. ^ a b Leach, Nicholas (2009). Devon's Lifeboat Heritage. Chacewater: Twelveheads Press. pp. 14–18. ISBN 978-0-906294-72-7.
  5. ^ a b "The History of Torbay Lifeboat Stations". Torbay Lifeboat Station.
  6. ^ a b c RNLI. "Torbay Station history". Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  7. ^ "The Sea Gallantry Medal DeNeumann 01".
  8. ^ "William Pillar of Brixham". Devon Heritage.
  9. ^ Morris 2001, pp. 12–13.
  10. ^ "Coxswain History".
  11. ^ Morris 2001, pp. 13–14.
  12. ^ Morris 2001, pp. 14, 31.
  13. ^ Morris 2001, pp. 31–32.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g Morris 2001, pp. 32–33.
  15. ^ Morris 2001, pp. 34–36.
  16. ^ Kipling, Ray; Kipling, Susannah (2006). Never Turn Back. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. pp. 17–22. ISBN 0-7509-4307-6.
  17. ^ Morris 2001, pp. 36–37.
  18. ^ "Torbay's Station history". RNLI. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  19. ^ Cox, Barry (1998). Lifeboat Gallantry. Spink & Son Ltd. ISBN 0-907605-89-3.
  20. ^ "Ordinary Officer of the Civil Division of the said Most Excellent Order of the British Empire". The Gazette. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
  21. ^ "Ordinary Members of the Civil Division of the said Most Excellent Order of the British Empire". The Gazette. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  22. ^ "Ordinary Members of the Civil Division of the said Most Excellent Order of the British Empire". The Gazette. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  23. ^ "Ordinary Members of the Civil Division of the said Most Excellent Order of the British Empire". The Gazette. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  24. ^ "British Empire Medal (Civil Division)". The Gazette. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  25. ^ "British Empire Medal (Civil Division)". The Gazette. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  26. ^ Wake-Walker, Edward (2008). The Lifeboats Story. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-0-7509-4858-6.
  27. ^ Leonard & Denton 2024, p. 115.
  28. ^ Leonard, Richie; Denton, Tony (2021). Lifeboat Enthusiasts Handbook 2021. Lifeboat Enthusiasts Society. pp. 2–18.
  29. ^ Morris 2001, pp. 3–4.
  30. ^ Leonard & Denton 2024, pp. 4–5.
  31. ^ a b Morris 2001, pp. 4–7.
  32. ^ Leonard & Denton 2024, pp. 16–17.
  33. ^ Leonard & Denton 2024, pp. 18–19.
  34. ^ Morris 2001, pp. 7–8.
  35. ^ Leonard & Denton 2024, pp. 30–31.
  36. ^ Leonard & Denton 2024, pp. 32–33.
  37. ^ Morris 2001, pp. 14–33.
  38. ^ Leonard & Denton 2024, pp. 42–43.
  39. ^ Morris 2001, pp. 34–40.
  40. ^ Leonard & Denton 2024, pp. 46–47.
  41. ^ Morris 2001, pp. 40–41.
  42. ^ a b Leonard & Denton 2024, pp. 48–49.
  43. ^ Morris 2001, pp. 41–45.
  44. ^ Leonard & Denton 2024, p. 56.
  45. ^ Morris 2001, p. 31.
  46. ^ a b c d e f Leonard & Denton 2024, pp. 72–74.
  47. ^ a b Leonard & Denton 2024, pp. 87–88.
  48. ^ Morris 2001, pp. 33–39.
  49. ^ a b Morris 2001, p. 39.
  50. ^ a b Leonard & Denton 2024, pp. 77–78.
  51. ^ Morris 2001, pp. 42–45.
  52. ^ Leonard & Denton 2024, p. 81.
  53. ^ Leonard & Denton 2024, p. 83.
  54. ^ Leonard & Denton 2024, p. 85.
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